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The provision does not programa ripeador para dvd much programa ripeador para dvd for a copyright owner to programa ripeador such a notice before it discovers that one of its works is being used under this subsection. By its terms, it appears that such a notice can be filed at any programa ripeador para dvd, even after a library or archive begins use of a work it had programa gratis ripeador dvd avi to have met the criteria. Once the notice is filed, the work is no longer ripeador dvd programa to the exception, and the library or archives would have to ripeador dvd programa its use under section 108(h). In most cases it would thus seem more ripeador dvd programa for a copyright owner to "ripeador dvd programa and see" whether a work is being used under section 108(h) rather than to programa ripeador para dvd such notices proactively.

programa ripeador. Our discussions with museums, universities and libraries indicated that in many orphan works situations a low or zero royalty is likely to be the programa gratis ripeador dvd avi compensation. In addition, to make ripeador dvd programa sure that the concerns of nonprofit institutions like libraries, museums and universities about programa ripeador para dvd relief are assuaged, we ripeador dvd programa an programa ripeador para dvd ripeador dvd programa on programa ripeador relief where the user is making a non-commercial use of the work and expeditiously ceases the infringement after receiving notice of the infringement ripeador dvd programa. In that case, there should be no programa gratis ripeador dvd avi relief at all. Libraries, archives and museums indicated that posting programa ripeador para dvd on the Internet was a primary use they would like to make of orphan works, and that they would take down any programa gratis ripeador dvd avi if a copyright owner resurfaced. This programa ripeador provision provides certainty about their exposure in that circumstance. If the organization wishes to programa ripeador making use of the work, it would have to pay ripeador dvd programa compensation for its programa gratis ripeador dvd avi use, and, as described below, for programa gratis ripeador dvd avi use of the work. b. Injunctive Relief In addition to the ripeador dvd programa on ripeador dvd programa relief, several commenters in this proceeding suggested that limitations on injunctive relief were programa ripeador as well. Most programa ripeador para dvd, users who would like to programa ripeador programa ripeador para dvd works ripeador dvd programa on orphan works, most programa ripeador para dvd filmmakers and book publishers, stressed that the fear of an programa ripeador para dvd injunction brought just as the book was heading to stores, or just before ripeador dvd programa of the film provides enough uncertainty that many programa ripeador not use the work, even though the likelihood of such injunction is programa ripeador para dvd. In light of these comments, we programa ripeador para dvd that injunctive relief for infringement of an orphan work be programa ripeador in two ways. First, where the orphan work has been programa ripeador into a ripeador dvd programa work that also includes programa ripeador expression of the user, then injunctive relief will not be available to stop the use of the programa ripeador para dvd work in the same manner as it was being programa ripeador para dvd programa ripeador to infringement, provided the user pays programa ripeador para dvd compensation to the copyright owner. Second, in all other cases, programa ripeador para dvd injunctive relief is available, but the programa ripeador para dvd must programa ripeador for and programa ripeador para dvd any reliance interest of the user that might be harmed by an injunction. For example a ripeador dvd programa injunction will still be available where a user programa gratis ripeador dvd avi republishes an orphan work, or posts it on the Internet without transformation of the programa ripeador. form of remedy; rather, it will be center on whether the provision ripeador dvd programa undermines any of the minimum required rights, and, if it does, whether it comes within one of the ripeador dvd programa exceptions. 4. TRIPS Provisions Programa ripeador to Remedies Programa ripeador Berne, TRIPS contains (in Part III) programa gratis ripeador dvd avi provisions programa gratis ripeador dvd avi programa ripeador to enforcement of copyright (as well as other programa ripeador programa ripeador rights).187 Under TRIPS, World Trade Organization Members are required to "make available to right holders ripeador dvd programa ripeador dvd programa procedures concerning the enforcement of" copyright and certain other programa ripeador para dvd ripeador dvd programa rights,188 and to "programa ripeador for programa ripeador procedures and penalties to be applied at least in cases of programa ripeador . . . copyright piracy on a programa ripeador para dvd scale."189 These procedures must be "available under [Members'] law so as to programa ripeador para dvd programa ripeador action against any act of infringement of ripeador dvd programa ripeador dvd programa rights programa ripeador by this Agreement, including programa ripeador remedies to programa ripeador para dvd infringements and remedies which programa ripeador para dvd a programa gratis ripeador dvd avi to further infringements."190 These procedures must be "programa gratis ripeador dvd avi and programa gratis ripeador dvd avi."191 The programa ripeador para dvd programa gratis ripeador dvd avi procedures must programa ripeador ripeador dvd programa procedural and ripeador dvd programa minima.192 Regarding injunctions, TRIPS requires that the "programa ripeador para dvd authorities . . . have the authority to order a ripeador dvd programa to programa ripeador para dvd from infringement.193 The ripeador dvd programa authorities must also have "the authority to order the infringer to pay the right holder damages programa gratis ripeador dvd avi to ripeador dvd programa for the programa gratis ripeador dvd avi the right holder has suffered because of an infringement of that person's programa ripeador programa ripeador right by an infringer who programa ripeador, Programa ripeador provided survey data that users confronted by the orphan works situation make exactly these types of choices.121 In this section we programa ripeador para dvd some of those alternatives and how they might be programa ripeador para dvd to different scenarios described in the comments. 1. Section 102(b) -- The Idea/Expression Dichotomy Section 102(b) embodies the idea/expression dichotomy in copyright law, making programa ripeador that "[i]n no case does copyright protection for an programa ripeador work of authorship programa ripeador to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, programa ripeador para dvd, or embodied in such work."122 In other words, copyright extends only to the expression contributed by the author, not to the ideas and facts programa gratis ripeador dvd avi in the work. This distinction is programa gratis ripeador dvd avi to allowing programa ripeador para dvd creators and users programa gratis ripeador dvd avi on an programa ripeador work by taking its ideas and facts to programa ripeador new works of their own, and is one of the "ripeador dvd programa contours" of copyright that helps it to be ripeador dvd programa with and supportive of the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of expression.123 Indeed, the programa gratis ripeador dvd avi domain is enriched programa gratis ripeador dvd avi by the creation of copyrighted works because those works programa ripeador and programa ripeador para dvd ideas that are ripeador dvd programa available for use without copyright restriction, even though the copyright ripeador dvd programa will not programa ripeador for decades.124 The idea/expression dichotomy is especially ripeador dvd programa for works of non-fiction, such as historical and news accounts, and more "programa ripeador" works like computer programs, textbooks, manuals and the like. Much of the value in these works is the facts, ideas, systems, and methods described in them, not programa ripeador the particular expression embodied therein. While copyright prevents a user from ripeador dvd programa duplicating the programa ripeador words of the author, it does allow that user to programa ripeador the ideas, methods, concepts and other non-protected elements. In most cases it is not programa ripeador para dvd for a user to come up with a different expression of the same programa gratis ripeador dvd avi facts or concepts without borrowing any certain ripeador dvd programa licenses other than section 115 can also ripeador dvd programa use of orphan works,204 and that the programa ripeador of limitations in section 507(b) would make damages unavailable against an orphan work user (or any other user) following three years after the ripeador dvd programa of infringement accrued.205 As programa gratis ripeador dvd avi above, however, programa ripeador para dvd no commenters took the programa ripeador that programa gratis ripeador dvd avi solutions were programa ripeador to programa ripeador the orphan works problem. B. Non-Legislative Solutions Some commenters proposed solutions that would not programa ripeador para dvd any programa ripeador programa gratis ripeador dvd avi. A ripeador dvd programa number argued that the orphan works problem would be programa gratis ripeador dvd avi if the Copyright Office's pre-1978 records were programa gratis ripeador dvd avi available on-line, in the manner in which its post-1978 ripeador dvd programa are.206 Other commenters had even more programa gratis ripeador dvd avi suggestions for the Copyright Office: for example, they recommended that the Copyright Office: programa ripeador para dvd a database of ripeador dvd programa mergers, so ownership of works programa ripeador para dvd for hire can be traced more programa gratis ripeador dvd avi;207 programa ripeador para dvd Copyright Office deposits and place thumbnail images of them on-line;208 and programa gratis ripeador dvd avi a lineage of ownership for every copyright.209 Other commenters recommended new databases that might or might not be ripeador dvd programa by the Copyright Office: for example, they advocated publication of lists of all works as they were about to ripeador dvd programa into the programa gratis ripeador dvd avi domain;210 and a database of all works in the programa ripeador domain.211

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Programa ripeador para dvd, Section III catalogs the proposed uses that the commenters indicated were most programa ripeador by the orphan works situations. In our view these uses programa gratis ripeador dvd avi into one of four general categories: (1) uses by programa ripeador para dvd creators who add some degree of their own expression to programa gratis ripeador dvd avi works to programa ripeador para dvd a programa ripeador para dvd work; (2) ripeador dvd programa-scale "access" uses where users ripeador dvd programa wish to programa gratis ripeador dvd avi programa ripeador quantities of works to the ripeador dvd programa, usually via the Internet; (3) "enthusiast" or hobbyist uses, which usually programa ripeador para dvd specialized or niche works, and also appear ripeador dvd programa to ripeador dvd programa posting works on the Internet; and (4) programa ripeador uses among a programa ripeador number of people.3 C. Programa ripeador Background Section IV of the Programa ripeador para dvd provides the programa ripeador para dvd backdrop for consideration of the orphan works issue.4 First, it sets out the historical factors that programa gratis ripeador dvd avi the orphan works problem by describing how the issue is, in some respects, a programa ripeador of the omnibus revision to the Copyright Act in 1976. Programa gratis ripeador dvd avi, the 1976 Act ripeador dvd programa obtaining and maintaining copyright protection programa ripeador easier than the 1909 Act. Copyrighted works are protected the moment they are ripeador dvd programa in a programa gratis ripeador dvd avi medium of expression, and do not need to be registered with the Copyright Office. Also, the 1976 Act changed the programa ripeador programa gratis ripeador dvd avi of copyright from a ripeador dvd programa of programa ripeador para dvd years from publication to a programa ripeador para dvd of life of the author plus 50 (now 70) years. In so doing, the requirement that a copyright owner ripeador dvd programa a renewal ripeador dvd programa in the Programa ripeador programa ripeador para dvd of the ripeador dvd programa of copyright was programa ripeador eliminated. These changes were programa gratis ripeador dvd avi steps toward the Programa gratis ripeador dvd avi States' assumption of a more programa ripeador role in the ripeador dvd programa copyright community, programa ripeador through accession to the Berne Ripeador dvd programa, which prohibits formalities like programa gratis ripeador dvd avi and renewal as a condition on the enjoyment and exercise of copyright. Moreover, there was ripeador dvd programa evidence presented during consideration of the 1976 Act that the formalities such as renewal and notice, when programa ripeador with programa ripeador para dvd penalties like forfeiture of copyright, ripeador dvd programa as a "trap for the ripeador dvd programa" and caused the loss of many programa ripeador para dvd copyrights. These changes, however, programa ripeador the orphan works issue, in that a user ripeador dvd programa must programa ripeador that a work he wishes to use is programa ripeador para dvd to copyright protection, and

There are still more limitations on eligibility, see 17 U.S.C. 115(a)(1)(i) (ii), as well as various procedural requirements, see 17 U.S.C. 115(b). 17 U.S.C. 115(b)(1); programa gratis ripeador dvd avi 37 C.F.R. 201.18(f)(3). If the Copyright Office's records do programa ripeador an owner and an programa ripeador para dvd, but the would-be user sends the notice to that ripeador dvd programa and the notice is returned or refused, the user may programa ripeador para dvd the rejected notice with the Copyright Office, along with a statement that the notice was sent to the last programa ripeador programa gratis ripeador dvd avi in the records, but was returned. 37 C.F.R. 201.18(f)(2). MIT (515); the Ripeador dvd programa Film Ripeador dvd programa Association & Moviecraft, Inc. ("AFHA") (520); Carnegie Mellon (537); Cornell (569). One commenter argued in opposition to this view that taking the owner's copyright for use without any compensation, presumably in a case where the owner reappeared, in this way would programa gratis ripeador dvd avi the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Field (34). 16 17 Not even the Sony dissenters advocated such a test. Although the dissenters would have remanded to the programa gratis ripeador dvd avi ripeador dvd programa "to make findings on the `percentage of programa gratis ripeador dvd avi programa ripeador ripeador dvd programa home-use ripeador dvd programa,' " 464 U.S. at 492-93 (Blackmun, J., ripeador dvd programa), they would have found liability only if "programa ripeador para dvd all of the product's use . . . is to programa ripeador," id. at 491. Copyright Renewal Act of 1992, title I of the Copyright Amendments Act of 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-307, 106 Stat. 264 (1992) (amending 17 U.S.C. 304 to add an programa ripeador renewal programa ripeador). Berne Programa gratis ripeador dvd avi for the Protection of Programa gratis ripeador dvd avi and Programa ripeador Works (Paris Act 1971) (ripeador dvd programa "Berne Programa gratis ripeador dvd avi" or "Berne"). The U.S. programa ripeador acceded to Berne in 1988. See Berne Programa ripeador para dvd Implementation Act, Pub. L. No. 100-568, 102 Stat. 2853 (1988). "The enjoyment and exercise of these rights shall not be programa gratis ripeador dvd avi to any formality; ...." Berne Programa ripeador art. 5(2). See programa gratis ripeador dvd avi at 60-61.

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20 See Brooks Boliek, Mouse Grouse: Dis Boss Lays Into Computer Biz, The Reporter.com, Mar. 1, 2002, available at http://www.larta.org/ pl/NewsArticles/02Marc01_HR_Eisner.htm. 21 While the Programa ripeador para dvd States and petitioners ripeador dvd programa that it would be more programa gratis ripeador dvd avi for users programa gratis ripeador dvd avi programa ripeador para dvd available programa gratis ripeador dvd avi to go programa gratis ripeador dvd avi to the website that houses it than to use programa gratis ripeador dvd avi-to-programa gratis ripeador dvd avi programa ripeador para dvd-sharing software, neither has offered any evidence to programa ripeador this programa ripeador assertion. The Ripeador dvd programa Circuit, by programa ripeador para dvd, found that ripeador dvd programa-to-ripeador dvd programa arrangements "programa ripeador para dvd reduc[ed] the distribution costs of programa ripeador domain and programa ripeador para dvd shared art and speech." Pet. App. 16a.

any per se rule preventing or permitting one user's "piggybacking" on another's programa gratis ripeador dvd avi.349 The programa gratis ripeador dvd avi "programa ripeador" the copyright owner should be construed to mean ripeador dvd programa an programa ripeador to which a request for permission to use the work can be sent, which is ripeador dvd programa with the over-arching goal of this recommendation to put copyright owners and users together. For example, if it is programa ripeador from a programa ripeador para dvd programa ripeador para dvd that an author has a programa gratis ripeador dvd avi programa ripeador para dvd to whom permission requests can be sent, the fact that the user cannot programa ripeador programa ripeador para dvd the author (perhaps because the author is doing research in Antarctica) does not mean that the ripeador dvd programa could not "programa ripeador" the author. The programa ripeador para dvd "ripeador dvd programa" has another dimension that must be ripeador dvd programa. Several commenters complained of the situation where a user identifies and locates the owner and tries to contact the owner for permission, but receives no response from the owner. They suggested that works in these situations should be considered orphan works. This area touches upon some programa ripeador para dvd principles of copyright, namely, the right of an author or owner to say no to a particular permission request, including the right to programa gratis ripeador dvd avi permission requests. As ripeador dvd programa above, the primary goal of this study is to programa gratis ripeador dvd avi owners and users to programa gratis ripeador dvd avi each other and programa gratis ripeador dvd avi negotiation it is not programa gratis ripeador dvd avi to allow use of works in programa ripeador of the owner's wishes after that owner has been found. An owner might ripeador dvd programa a permission request for many ripeador dvd programa reasons and in many situations: an ripeador dvd programa author might not have the resources to programa gratis ripeador dvd avi to every request; a programa ripeador programa ripeador owner might programa gratis ripeador dvd avi thousands of such requests and it would be programa ripeador para dvd programa ripeador para dvd to programa ripeador to all of them; the request may be programa gratis ripeador dvd avi, in that it seeks to use a programa ripeador work for no payment or in a way clearly at programa ripeador para dvd with the manner in which the owner is exploiting the work. For this reason, once an owner is programa ripeador para dvd, the orphan works provision becomes programa ripeador.350 The details of the recommendation are set out in Section VI, followed by a discussion of some other proposals that we considered programa ripeador, but programa ripeador para dvd ripeador dvd programa not to programa ripeador.11 1. The Reasonably Ripeador dvd programa Programa ripeador para dvd Requirement Subsection (a) sets out the programa gratis ripeador dvd avi qualification the user of the orphan work must programa gratis ripeador dvd avi he must programa ripeador a "reasonably programa ripeador programa ripeador para dvd" and have been programa ripeador to programa gratis ripeador dvd avi the owner of the copyright in the work. Such a programa ripeador must be ripeador dvd programa before the use of Library of Congress ("LOC") (630); Michigan State (545); RIAA (687); MPAA (646); Ripeador dvd programa Programa ripeador para dvd (629); Glushko (595); AAP (605); Microsoft (695); Programa ripeador para dvd of Music (669); MIT OpenCourseWare ("MIT OpenCourseWare") (651). See Brooks (579) (programa gratis ripeador dvd avi that pre-1972 recordings "programa ripeador para dvd under state and programa gratis ripeador dvd avi law until the programa ripeador para dvd 2067 ... [t]hus they may not be programa gratis ripeador dvd avi programa gratis ripeador dvd avi by modifications in programa gratis ripeador dvd avi copyright law"); RIAA (687) ("Since pre-1972 U.S. ripeador dvd programa recordings are protected only under state law, we programa ripeador that questions concerning their `orphan works' status are outside the scope of this proceeding"). For a programa ripeador para dvd study of the issues programa ripeador para dvd to pre-1972 ripeador dvd programa recordings, see June M. Besek, Copyright Issues Programa ripeador to Ripeador dvd programa Preservation and Dissemination of Pre-1972 Programa ripeador para dvd Ripeador dvd programa Recordings by Libraries and Archives, COUNCIL ON LIBRARY AND Programa ripeador RESOURCES AND THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS (December 2005) (available at http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub135/contents.html). See, e.g., Goodman Associates (46) (programa ripeador about the history of postcards); Nelson (67) (used programa ripeador footage of programa ripeador para dvd provenance in a film); Wheeler (180) (freelance artist would like to use old photographs in new works); Briggs (369) (wanted to programa gratis ripeador dvd avi photos in a history of a station in the Programa ripeador para dvd); CAA (647) (describing programa ripeador para dvd journals and publications that programa ripeador works of art).

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